THE EFFECTS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY ON THE STATE THE ORAL CAVITY IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21856/j-PEP.2025.2.09Keywords:
overweight, obesity, children, caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, reviewAbstract
The relevance of the problem of overweight is beyond doubt. Obesity in children is not only a medical but also a social and psychological problem of our time. Our country is among the European leaders in terms of obesity prevalence. The results of scientific research show that obesity causes many diseases, including dental ones.
Dental health depends on oral hygiene, the intensity of dental caries and its complications, the impact of various orthodontic problems, the peculiarities of inflammatory processes in periodontal tissues, as well as the presence of concomitant general somatic diseases in the child's body.
Dental health often depends on what a person eats. It has been established that obese children who overconsume cakes, sweets, bakery products, and carbohydrate foods have a strong intensity of caries, as well as impaired saliva mineralization, which indicates an extensive activity of the caries process. The frequency of consumption of sugar products directly affects the intensity of caries development. It has been established that dental caries, together with overweight, is a multifactorial disease that affects the health and psychosocial development of a child.
In recent decades, it has been determined that obesity plays a significant role in the predisposition to periodontal disease and negatively affects the severity of gingivitis and periodontitis. The adverse effect of obesity on periodontal disease may be due to a state of chronic systemic inflammation. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukins (IL-6, TNF-α), adipokines (adiponectins and leptins) and other biologically active substances can have a direct impact on the condition of periodontal tissues.
Metabolic disorders play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. It has been found that in obesity and metabolic syndrome, the structure of the microbiocenosis of periodontal pockets is characterized by a decrease in the number of saprophytic microflora and a significant contamination with periodontopathogenic microorganisms.
Many researchers suggest that overweight patients also suffer from osteoporosis. The problem of osteoporosis is also of interest to paediatric dentists, as it directly affects the bone component of the periodontium. Many studies have shown an inverse correlation between the degree of mineralization and the severity of generalized periodontitis.
Therefore, the analysis of scientific papers confirms the presence of significant pathological changes in the oral cavity in overweight children. Interdisciplinary collaboration between paediatricians, endocrinologists and paediatric dentists will allow for a deeper investigation of the common causes and mechanisms of the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases in obese children, which will further substantiate an integrated approach to the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of major dental diseases.
Systematic literature research was carried out in the following databases: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, MedLine.
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